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WINSOCK 2
WINDOWS SOCKET: PROGRAM EXAMPLES PART 11
What do we have in this chapter?
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Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
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IPv6 Server Program Example
Winsock Tutorial
Winsock: Story 1Winsock: Story 2Winsock: Story 3Winsock: Example 1Winsock: Example 2Winsock: Example 3Winsock: Example 4Winsock: Example 5Winsock: Example 6Winsock: Example 7Winsock: Example 8Winsock: Example 9Winsock: Example 10Winsock: Example 11Winsock: Example 12Winsock: Reference 1Winsock: Reference 2Winsock: Reference 3Winsock: Reference 4Another Complete and Advanced C & Winsock2 Programming Tutorial |
My Training Period: hours
Machine’s OS is standalone Windows XP Pro with SP2 except whenever mentioned. Compiler used was Visual C++ 2003 .Net 1.1. Beware the codes that span more than one line. Program examples have been tested for Non Destructive Test. All information compiled for Windows 2000 (NT5.0) above and...
Abilities:
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
For Windows® Server 2003 family, Microsoft® provides support for the Internet Protocol version 6, IPv6. In my Windows Xp Pro machine there are IPv6 driver (tcpip6.sys driver file is present in the %systemroot%\System32\Drivers directory, but not installed by default. To check the IPv6 existence we can use the net command.
Figure 1
So the IPv6 driver is not installed. The system error 1058 - “The service cannot be started, either because it is disabled or because it has no enabled devices associated with it” - ERROR_SERVICE_DISABLED. We can use ipv6 command to install, uninstall and configure the IPv6.
Figure 2
To install the IPv6 driver through console, run ipv6 install.
Figure 3
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Or you can use the Local Area Network properties page.
Figure 4
Click the Install… button. Then select the Protocol network component type and click the Add… button.
Figure 5
Select the Microsoft TCP/IP version 6 protocol and click the OK button.
Figure 6
Then we start or stop the IPv6 service as other Windows services by running net start tcpip6/net stop tcpip6 command.
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Figure 7 |
Then we can play around with IPv6 by using the ipv6 command.
Figure 8
You can also check the IPv6 setting by using the ipconfig command.
IPv6 Server Program Example
The following is a client-server program example for IPv6 enabled machines. The first one is the server program example run for IPv4. If you are in IPv6 network environment, please try running the program using the IPv6 address and PF_INET6 family.
// IPv6 server program example. Try running it on the IPv6 enabled machines using IPv6 arguments
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <winsock2.h>
#include <ws2tcpip.h>
#ifndef IPPROTO_IPV6
// For IPv6.
#include <tpipv6.h>
#endif
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// This code assumes that at the transport level, the system only supports
// one stream protocol (TCP) and one datagram protocol (UDP). Therefore,
// specifying a socket type of SOCK_STREAM is equivalent to specifying TCP
// and specifying a socket type of
// SOCK_DGRAM is equivalent to specifying UDP.
// Accept either IPv4 or IPv6
#define DEFAULT_FAMILY PF_UNSPEC
// TCP socket type
#define DEFAULT_SOCKTYPE SOCK_STREAM
// Arbitrary, test port
#define DEFAULT_PORT "2007"
// Set very small for demonstration purposes
#define BUFFER_SIZE 128
void Usage(char *ProgName)
{
fprintf(stderr, "\nSimple socket server program.\n");
fprintf(stderr, "\n%s [-f family] [-t transport] [-p port] [-a address]\n\n", ProgName);
fprintf(stderr, " family\tOne of PF_INET, PF_INET6 or PF_UNSPEC. (default %s)\n",
(DEFAULT_FAMILY == PF_UNSPEC) ? "PF_UNSPEC" :
((DEFAULT_FAMILY == PF_INET) ? "PF_INET" : "PF_INET6"));
fprintf(stderr, " transport\tEither TCP or UDP. (default: %s)\n", (DEFAULT_SOCKTYPE == SOCK_STREAM) ? "TCP" : "UDP");
fprintf(stderr, " port\t\tPort on which to bind. (default %s)\n", DEFAULT_PORT);
fprintf(stderr, " address\tIP address on which to bind. (default: unspecified address)\n");
WSACleanup();
exit(1);
}
LPSTR DecodeError(int ErrorCode)
{
static char Message[1024];
// If this program was multi-threaded, we'd want to use FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER
// instead of a static buffer here.
// (And of course, free the buffer when we were done with it)
FormatMessage(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS |
FORMAT_MESSAGE_MAX_WIDTH_MASK, NULL, ErrorCode,
MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT), (LPSTR)Message, 1024, NULL);
return Message;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
char Buffer[BUFFER_SIZE], Hostname[NI_MAXHOST];
int Family = DEFAULT_FAMILY;
int SocketType = DEFAULT_SOCKTYPE;
char *Port = DEFAULT_PORT;
char *Address = NULL;
int i, NumSocks, RetVal, FromLen, AmountRead;
SOCKADDR_STORAGE From;
WSADATA wsaData;
ADDRINFO Hints, *AddrInfo, *AI;
SOCKET ServSock[FD_SETSIZE];
fd_set SockSet;
printf("Usage: %s [-f family] [-t transport] [-p port] [-a address]\n", argv[0]);
printf("Example: %s -f PF_INET6 -t TCP -p 1234 -a 127.0.0.1\n", argv[0]);
printf("Else, default values used. By the way, the -a not usable for server...\n");
printf("Ctrl + C to terminate the server program.\n\n");
// Parse arguments
if (argc > 1)
{
for(i = 1;i < argc; i++)
{
if ((argv[i][0] == '-') || (argv[i][0] == '/') &&
(argv[i][1] != 0) && (argv[i][2] == 0))
{
switch(tolower(argv[i][1]))
{
case 'f':
if (!argv[i+1])
Usage(argv[0]);
if (!stricmp(argv[i+1], "PF_INET"))
Family = PF_INET;
else if (!stricmp(argv[i+1], "PF_INET6"))
Family = PF_INET6;
else if (!stricmp(argv[i+1], "PF_UNSPEC"))
Family = PF_UNSPEC;
else
Usage(argv[0]);
i++;
break;
case 't':
if (!argv[i+1])
Usage(argv[0]);
if (!stricmp(argv[i+1], "TCP"))
SocketType = SOCK_STREAM;
else if (!stricmp(argv[i+1], "UDP"))
SocketType = SOCK_DGRAM;
else
Usage(argv[0]);
i++;
break;
case 'a':
if (argv[i+1])
{
if (argv[i+1][0] != '-')
{
Address = argv[++i];
break;
}
}
Usage(argv[0]);
break;
case 'p':
if (argv[i+1])
{
if (argv[i+1][0] != '-')
{
Port = argv[++i];
break;
}
}
Usage(argv[0]);
break;
default:
Usage(argv[0]);
break;
}
} else
Usage(argv[0]);
}
}
// Ask for Winsock version 2.2...
if ((RetVal = WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2, 2), &wsaData)) != 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Server: WSAStartup() failed with error %d: %s\n", RetVal, DecodeError(RetVal));
WSACleanup();
return -1;
}
else
printf("Server: WSAStartup() is OK.\n");
if (Port == NULL)
{
Usage(argv[0]);
}
// By setting the AI_PASSIVE flag in the hints to getaddrinfo(),
// we're indicating that we intend to use the resulting address(es) to bind
// to a socket(s) for accepting incoming connections. This means
// that when the Address parameter is NULL, getaddrinfo() will return one
// entry per allowed protocol family containing the unspecified address for that family.
memset(&Hints, 0, sizeof(Hints));
Hints.ai_family = Family;
Hints.ai_socktype = SocketType;
Hints.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST | AI_PASSIVE;
RetVal = getaddrinfo(Address, Port, &Hints, &AddrInfo);
if (RetVal != 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo() failed with error %d: %s\n", RetVal, gai_strerror(RetVal));
WSACleanup();
return -1;
}
else
printf("Server: getaddrinfo() is OK.\n");
// For each address getaddrinfo returned, we create a new socket,
// bind that address to it, and create a queue to listen on.
for (i = 0, AI = AddrInfo; AI != NULL; AI = AI->ai_next, i++)
{
// Highly unlikely, but check anyway.
if (i == FD_SETSIZE)
{
printf("Server: getaddrinfo() returned more addresses than we could use.\n");
break;
}
// This example only supports PF_INET and PF_INET6.
if ((AI->ai_family != PF_INET) && (AI->ai_family != PF_INET6))
continue;
// Open a socket with the correct address family for this address.
ServSock[i] = socket(AI->ai_family, AI->ai_socktype, AI->ai_protocol);
if (ServSock[i] == INVALID_SOCKET)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Server: socket() failed with error %d: %s\n", WSAGetLastError(), DecodeError(WSAGetLastError()));
continue;
}
else
printf("Server: socket() is OK.\n");
// bind() associates a local address and port combination with
// the socket just created. This is most useful when
// the application is a server that has a well-known port that
// clients know about in advance.
if (bind(ServSock[i], AI->ai_addr, int(AI->ai_addrlen)) == SOCKET_ERROR)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Server: bind() failed with error %d: %s\n", WSAGetLastError(), DecodeError(WSAGetLastError()));
continue;
}
else
printf("Server: bind() is OK.\n");
// So far, everything we did was applicable to TCP as well as UDP.
// However, there are certain fundamental differences between stream
// protocols such as TCP and datagram protocols such as UDP.
//
// Only connection orientated sockets, for example those of
// type SOCK_STREAM, can listen() for incoming connections.
if (SocketType == SOCK_STREAM)
{
if (listen(ServSock[i], 5) == SOCKET_ERROR)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Server: listen() failed with error %d: %s\n", WSAGetLastError(), DecodeError(WSAGetLastError()));
continue;
}
else
printf("Server: listen() is OK.\n");
}
printf("I'm listening and waiting on port %s, protocol %s, protocol family %s\n",
Port, (SocketType == SOCK_STREAM) ? "TCP" : "UDP",
(AI->ai_family == PF_INET) ? "PF_INET" : "PF_INET6");
}
freeaddrinfo(AddrInfo);
if (i == 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Fatal error: unable to serve on any address.\n");
WSACleanup();
return -1;
}
NumSocks = i;
// We now put the server into an eternal loop, serving requests as they arrive.
FD_ZERO(&SockSet);
while(1)
{
FromLen = sizeof(From);
// For connection orientated protocols, we will handle
// the packets comprising a connection collectively. For datagram
// protocols, we have to handle each datagram individually.
//
// Check to see if we have any sockets remaining to be
// served from previous time through this loop. If not, call select()
// to wait for a connection request or a datagram to arrive.
for (i = 0; i < NumSocks; i++)
{
if (FD_ISSET(ServSock[i], &SockSet))
break;
}
if (i == NumSocks)
{
for (i = 0; i < NumSocks; i++)
FD_SET(ServSock[i], &SockSet);
if (select(NumSocks, &SockSet, 0, 0, 0) == SOCKET_ERROR)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Server: select() failed with error %d: %s\n", WSAGetLastError(), DecodeError(WSAGetLastError()));
WSACleanup();
return -1;
}
else
printf("Server: select() is OK.\n");
}
for (i = 0; i < NumSocks; i++)
{
if (FD_ISSET(ServSock[i], &SockSet))
{
FD_CLR(ServSock[i], &SockSet);
break;
}
}
if (SocketType == SOCK_STREAM)
{
SOCKET ConnSock;
// Since this socket was returned by the select(), we know we
// have a connection waiting and that this accept() won't block.
ConnSock = accept(ServSock[i], (LPSOCKADDR)&From, &FromLen);
if (ConnSock == INVALID_SOCKET)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Server: accept() failed with error %d: %s\n", WSAGetLastError(), DecodeError(WSAGetLastError()));
WSACleanup();
return -1;
}
else
printf("Server: accept() is OK.\n");
if (getnameinfo((LPSOCKADDR)&From, FromLen, Hostname, sizeof(Hostname), NULL, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST) != 0)
strcpy(Hostname, "<unknown>");
printf("\nAccepted connection from %s.\n", Hostname);
// This sample server only handles connections sequentially.
// To handle multiple connections simultaneously, a server
// would likely want to launch another thread or process at
// this point to handle each individual connection. Alternatively,
// it could keep a socket per connection and use select() on the
// fd_set to determine which to read from next.
//
// Here we just loop until this connection terminates.
while (1)
{
// We now read in data from the client.
// Because TCP does NOT maintain message boundaries, we may recv()
// the client's data grouped differently than it was sent.
// Since all this server does is echo the data it
// receives back to the client, we don't need to concern
// ourselves about message boundaries. But it does mean
// that the message data we print for a particular recv()
// below may contain more or less data than was contained
// in a particular client send().
AmountRead = recv(ConnSock, Buffer, sizeof(Buffer), 0);
if (AmountRead == SOCKET_ERROR)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Server: recv() failed with error %d: %s\n", WSAGetLastError(), DecodeError(WSAGetLastError()));
closesocket(ConnSock);
break;
}
else
printf("Server: recv() is OK.\n");
if (AmountRead == 0)
{
printf("Server: Client closed the connection.\n");
closesocket(ConnSock);
break;
}
printf("Server: Received %d bytes from client: \"%.*s\"\n", AmountRead, AmountRead, Buffer);
printf("Server: Echoing the same data back to client...\n");
RetVal = send(ConnSock, Buffer, AmountRead, 0);
if (RetVal == SOCKET_ERROR)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Server: send() failed: error %d: %s\n", WSAGetLastError(), DecodeError(WSAGetLastError()));
closesocket(ConnSock);
break;
}
else
printf("Server: send() is OK.\n");
}
}
else
{
// Since UDP maintains message boundaries, the amount of data
// we get from a recvfrom() should match exactly the amount
// of data the client sent in the corresponding sendto().
AmountRead = recvfrom(ServSock[i], Buffer, sizeof(Buffer), 0, (LPSOCKADDR)&From, &FromLen);
if (AmountRead == SOCKET_ERROR)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Server: recvfrom() failed with error %d: %s\n", WSAGetLastError(), DecodeError(WSAGetLastError()));
closesocket(ServSock[i]);
break;
}
else
printf("Server: recvfrom() is OK.\n");
if (AmountRead == 0)
{
// This should never happen on an unconnected socket, but...
printf("Server: recvfrom() returned zero, aborting...\n");
closesocket(ServSock[i]);
break;
}
else
printf("Server: recvfrom() is OK, returning non-zero.\n");
RetVal = getnameinfo((LPSOCKADDR)&From, FromLen, Hostname, sizeof(Hostname), NULL, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST);
if (RetVal != 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Server: getnameinfo() failed with error %d: %s\n", RetVal, DecodeError(RetVal));
strcpy(Hostname, "<unknown>");
}
else
printf("Server: getnameinfo() is OK.\n");
printf("Server: Received a %d byte datagram from %s: \"%.*s\"\n", AmountRead, Hostname, AmountRead, Buffer);
printf("Server: Echoing the same data back to client\n");
RetVal = sendto(ServSock[i], Buffer, AmountRead, 0, (LPSOCKADDR)&From, FromLen);
if (RetVal == SOCKET_ERROR)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Server: sendto() failed with error %d: %s\n", WSAGetLastError(), DecodeError(WSAGetLastError()));
}
else
printf("Server: sendto() is OK.\n");
}
}
return 0;
}
Sample output:
Figure 9
Further reading and digging:
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Linux Sockets: Story and program examples.
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Structure, enum, union and typedef story can be found struct, enum, union & typedef tutorial.
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For Multibytes, Unicode characters and Localization please refer to Multibyte, Unicode and wide characters (Story) and Win32 Windows & Users tutorial (Implementation).
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Windows data type information is Win32 - Windows data types.
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Check the best selling C / C++ and Windows books at Amazon.com.
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A complete info on Windows socket reference from MSDN which include managed and unmanaged API doc.
Tenouk C & C++ |< Winsock Prog. Example 10 | Main | Winsock Prog. Example 12 >| Site Index | Download | Linux Socket | Winsock in .NET