#include <iostream>using namespace std; // non main function but just another function...bool func(){ // function returns a bool type return NULL; // NULL is converted to Boolean false, same // as statement 'return false;'} int main(){ bool val = false; // Boolean variable int i = 1; // i is neither Boolean-true nor Boolean-false int g = 5; float j = 3.02; // j is neither Boolean-true nor Boolean-false cout<<"Given the test value: "<<endl; cout<<"bool val = false "<<endl; cout<<"int i = 1 "<<endl; cout<<"int g = 5 "<<endl; cout<<"float j = 3.02 "<<endl; cout<<"\nTESTING\n"; // tests on integers if(i == true) cout<<"True: value i is 1"<<endl; if(i == false) cout<<"False: value i is 0"<<endl; if(g) cout << "g is true."<<endl; else cout << "g is false."<<endl; // to test j's truth value, cast it to bool type. if(bool(j) == true) cout<<"Boolean j is true."<<endl; // test the Boolean function returns value val = func(); if(val == false) cout<<"func() returned false."<<endl; if(val == true) cout<<"func() returned true."<<endl; // false is converted to 0 return false;}
Output:
Example #10
// testing the escape sequences#include <stdio.h>int main(){ printf("Testing the escape sequences:\n"); printf("-----------------------------\n"); printf("The audible bell --->\'\\a\' \a\a\a\n"); printf("The backspace --->\'\\b\' \bTesting\n"); printf("The formfeed, printer --->\'\\f\' \fTest\n"); printf("The newline --->\'\\n\' \n\n"); printf("The carriage return --->\'\\r\' \rTesting\n"); printf("The horizontal tab --->\'\\t\' \tTesting\t\n"); printf("The vertical tab --->\'\v\' \vTesting\n"); printf("The backslash --->\'\\\\' \\Testing\\\n"); printf("The single quote --->\'\'\' \'Testing\'\'\'\n"); printf("The double quote --->\'\"\' \"Testing\"\"\n"); printf("The question mark --->\'\?\' \?Testing\?\n"); printf("Some might not working isn't it?\n"); return 0;}
Output:
Example #11
#include <stdio.h>int main(){ int num; printf("Conversion...\n"); printf("Start with any character and\n"); printf("Press Enter, EOF to stop\n"); num = getchar(); printf("Character Integer Hexadecimal Octal\n"); while(getchar() != EOF) { printf(" %c %d %x %o\n", num, num, num, num); ++num; } return 0;}
Output:
Example #12
#include <stdio.h>
/* convert decimal to binary function */
void dectobin();
int main()
{
char chs = 'Y';
do
{
dectobin();
printf("Again? Y, others to exit: ");
chs = getchar();
scanf("%c", &chs);
}while ((chs == 'Y') || (chs == 'y'));
return 0;
}
void dectobin()
{
int input;
printf("Enter decimal number: ");
scanf("%d", &input);
if (input < 0)
printf("Enter unsigned decimal!\n");
/* for the mod result */
int i;
/* count the binary digits */
int count = 0;
/* storage */
int binbuff[64];
do
{
/* Modulus 2 to get the remainder of 1 or 0 */
i = input%2;
/* store the element into the array */
binbuff[count] = i;
/* Divide the input by 2 for binary decrement */
input = input/2;
/* Count the number of binary digit */
count++;
/* repeat */
}while (input > 0);
/* prints the binary digits */
printf ("The binary representation is: ");
do
{
printf("%d", binbuff[count - 1]);
count--;
if(count == 8)
printf(" ");
} while (count > 0);
printf ("\n");
}
Output:
Example #13
#include <stdio.h> /* for strlen() */ #include <string.h>
/* convert bin to decimal */ void bintodec() { char buffbin[100]; char *bin; int i=0; int dec = 0; int bcount;
printf("Please enter the binary digits, 0 or/and 1.\n"); printf("Your binary digits: "); bin = gets(buffbin);
i=strlen(bin); for (bcount=0; bcount<i; ++bcount) /* if bin[bcount] is equal to 1, then 1 else 0 */ dec=dec*2+(bin[bcount]=='1'? 1:0); printf("\n"); printf("The decimal value of %s is %d\n", bin, dec); }
int main(void) { bintodec(); return 0; }
|
Output:
Example #14
/* playing with binary, decimal, hexadecimal and octal conversion */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* for strlen() */
#include <string.h>
/* octal conversion function */
void octal(char *octa,int *octares);
/* hexadecimal conversion function */
void hexadecimal(char *hexa,int *hexares);
/* decimal conversion function */
void decimal(char *deci,int *decires);
/* convert binary to decimal */
void bintodec(void);
/* convert decimal to binary */
void decnumtobin (int *dec);
int main()
{
/* Yes or No value to continue with program */
char go;
/* Yes or No value to proceed to Binary to Decimal function */
char binY;
char choice1;
char choice2;
/* numtest, value to test with, and pass to functions */
int numtest;
/* value to convert to binary, and call decnumtobin function */
int bintest;
int flag;
flag = 0;
go = 'y';
do
{
printf("Enter the base of ur input(d=dec, h=hex, o=octal): ");
scanf("%c", &choice1);
getchar();
printf("\n");
printf("The entered Number: ");
/* If decimal number */
if ((choice1 == 'd') || (choice1 == 'D'))
{
scanf("%d", &numtest);
getchar();
}
/* If hexadecimal number */
elseif ((choice1 == 'h') || (choice1 == 'H'))
{
scanf("%x", &numtest);
getchar();
}
/* If octal number */
elseif ((choice1 == 'o') || (choice1 == 'O'))
{
scanf("%o", &numtest);
getchar();
}
/* If no match */
else
{
flag = 1;
printf("Only d, h or o options!\n");
printf("Program exit...\n");
exit(0);
}
/* Firstly convert the input 'number' to binary */
bintest = numtest;
decnumtobin(&bintest);
/* output the hex, decimal or octal */
printf("\n");
printf("Next, enter the base of ur output (d=dec, h=hex, o=octal): ");
scanf("%c", &choice2);
getchar();
/* If decimal number */
if ((choice2 == 'd') || (choice2 == 'D'))
decimal (&choice1, &numtest);
/* If hexadecimal number */
elseif ((choice2 == 'h') || (choice2 == 'H'))
hexadecimal (&choice1, &numtest);
/* If octal number */
elseif ((choice2 == 'o') || (choice2 == 'O'))
octal (&choice1, &numtest);
/* if nothing matched */
else
{
flag = 1;
system("cls");
printf("Only d, h or o options!");
printf("\nProgram exit...");
exit(0);
}
printf("\n\nAn OPTION\n");
printf("=========\n");
printf("Do you wish to do the binary to decimal conversion?");
printf("\n Y for Yes, and N for no : ");
scanf("%c", &binY);
getchar();
/* If Yes... */
if ((binY == 'Y') || (binY == 'y'))
/* Do the binary to decimal conversion */
bintodec();
/* If not, just exit */
elseif ((binY != 'y') || (binY != 'Y'))
{
flag = 1;
printf("\nProgram exit...\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("\n\n");
printf("The program is ready to exit...\n");
printf("Start again? (Y for Yes) : ");
scanf("%c", &go);
getchar();
/* initialize to NULL */
numtest = '\0';
choice1 = '\0';
choice2 = '\0';
}
while ((go == 'y') || (go == 'Y'));
printf("-----FINISH-----\n");
return 0;
}
/*===================================================*/
void decimal(char *deci,int *decires)
{
int ans = *decires;
char ch = *deci;
if ((ch == 'd') || (ch == 'D'))
printf("\nThe number \"%d\" in decimal is equivalent to \"%d\" in decimal.\n", ans, ans);
elseif ((ch == 'h') || (ch == 'H'))
printf("\nThe number \"%X\" in hex is equivalent to \"%d\" in decimal.\n", ans, ans);
elseif ((ch == 'o') || (ch == 'O'))
printf("\nThe number \"%o\" in octal is equivalent to \"%d\" in decimal.\n", ans, ans);
}
/*======================================================*/
void hexadecimal(char *hexa,int *hexares)
{
int ans = *hexares;
char ch = *hexa;
if ((ch == 'd') || (ch == 'D'))
printf("\nThe number \"%d\" in decimal is equivalent to \"%X\" in hexadecimal.\n", ans, ans);
elseif ((ch == 'h') || (ch == 'H'))
printf("\nThe number \"%X\" in hex is equivalent to \"%X\" in hexadecimal.\n", ans, ans);
elseif ((ch == 'o') || (ch == 'O'))
printf("\nThe number \"%o\" in octal is equivalent to \"%X\" in hexadecimal.\n", ans, ans);
}
/*========================================================*/
void octal(char *octa,int *octares)
{
int ans = *octares;
char ch = *octa;
if ((ch == 'd') || (ch == 'D'))
printf ("\nThe number \"%d\" in decimal is equivalent to \"%o\" in octal.\n", ans, ans);
elseif ((ch == 'h') || (ch == 'H'))
printf("\nThe number \"%X\" in hex is equivalent to \"%o\" in octal. \n", ans, ans);
elseif ((ch == 'o') || (ch == 'O'))
printf("\nThe number \"%o\" in octal is equivalent to \"%o\" in octal.\n", ans, ans);
}
void bintodec(void)
{
char buffbin[1024];
char *binary;
int i=0;
int dec = 0;
int z;
printf("Please enter the binary digits, 0 or 1.\n");
printf("Your binary digits: ");
binary = gets(buffbin);
i=strlen(binary);
for(z=0; z<i; ++z)
/* if Binary[z] is equal to 1, then 1 else 0 */
dec=dec*2+(binary[z]=='1'? 1:0);
printf("\n");
printf("The decimal value of %s is %d", binary, dec);
printf("\n");
}
void decnumtobin (int *dec)
{
int input = *dec;
int i;
int count = 0;
int binary[64];
do
{
/* Modulus 2 to get 1 or a 0 */
i = input%2;
/* Load Elements into the Binary Array */
binary[count] = i;
/* Divide input by 2 for binary decrement */
input = input/2;
/* Count the binary digits */
count++;
}while (input > 0);
/* Reverse and output binary digits */
printf ("The binary representation is: ");
do
{
printf ("%d", binary[count - 1]);
count--;
} while (count > 0);
printf ("\n");
}
Output:
Example #15
/* playing with binary, decimal, hexadecimal and octal conversion */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* for the strlen() */
#include <string.h>
/* decimal conversion function */
void decimal(char *deci,int *decires);
/* convert decimal to binary*/
void decnumtobin (int *dec);
int main()
{
/* Yes or No value to continue with program */
char go;
char choice1;
char choice2;
/* numtest, value to test with, and pass to functions */
int numtest;
/* value to convert to binary, and call decnumtobin function */
int bintest;
int flag;
flag = 0;
go = 'y';
do
{
printf ("Enter the h for hex input: ");
scanf("%c", &choice1);
getchar();
printf ("\n");
printf ("Enter your hex number lor!: ");
/*If hexadecimal number*/
if ((choice1 == 'h') || (choice1 == 'H'))
{
scanf ("%x", &numtest);
getchar();
}
else
{
flag = 1;
printf ("Only h!\n");
printf("Program exit...\n");
exit(0);
}
/* Firstly convert the input 'number' to binary */
bintest = numtest;
decnumtobin(&bintest);
/* output the hex, decimal or octal */
printf ("\n");
printf ("Enter the d for decimal output: ");
scanf ("%c", &choice2);
getchar();
/* If decimal number... */
if ((choice2 == 'd') || (choice2 == 'D'))
decimal(&choice1, &numtest);
/* else... */
else
{
flag = 1;
printf("Only d!");
printf("\nProgram exit...");
exit(0);
}
printf ("\n\n");
printf ("The program is ready to exit...\n");
printf ("Start again? (Y for Yes) : ");
scanf ("%c", &go);
getchar();
/* initialize to NULL*/
numtest = '\0';
choice1 = '\0';
choice2 = '\0';
} while ((go == 'y') || (go == 'Y'));
printf ("-----FINISH-----\n");
return 0;
}
/*===================================================*/
void decimal(char *deci,int *decires)
{
int ans = *decires;
char ch = *deci;
if ((ch == 'h') || (ch == 'H'))
printf ("\nThe number \"%X\" in hex is equivalent to \"%d\" in decimal.\n", ans, ans);
}
void decnumtobin (int *dec)
{
int input = *dec;
int i;
int count = 0;
int binary[128];
do
{
/* Modulus 2 to get 1 or a 0 */
i = input%2;
/* Load Elements into the Binary Array */
binary[count] = i;
/* Divide input by 2 for binary decrement */
input = input/2;
/* Count the binary digits*/
count++;
}while (input > 0);
/* Reverse and output binary digits */
printf ("The binary representation is: ");
do
{
printf ("%d", binary[count - 1]);
count--;
if(count == 4)
printf(" ");
} while (count > 0);
printf ("\n");
}
Output:
Example #16
/* playing with hexadecimal and ASCII */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* strlen() */
#include <string.h>
/* decimal conversion function */
void decimal(int *decires);
/* convert decimal to binary */
void decnumtobin (int *dec);
int main()
{
/* program continuation... */
char go;
/* numtest, value to test with, and pass to functions */
int numtest;
/* value to convert to binary, and call decnumtobin function */
int bintest;
int flag = 0;
go = 'y';
do
{
printf("Playing with hex and ASCII\n");
printf("==========================\n");
printf("For hex, 0(0) - 1F(32) are non printable/control characters!\n");
printf("For hex > 7F(127) they are extended ASCII characters that are\n");
printf("platform dependent!\n\n");
printf("Enter the hex input: ");
scanf("%x", &numtest);
getchar();
/* Firstly convert the input 'number' to binary */
bintest = numtest;
decnumtobin(&bintest);
decimal (&numtest);
printf("\nStart again? (Y for Yes) : ");
scanf ("%c", &go);
getchar();
/ * initialize to NULL*/
numtest = '\0';
}while ((go == 'y') || (go == 'Y'));
printf("-----FINISH-----\n");
return 0;
}
/*===================================================*/
void decimal(int *decires)
{
int ans = *decires;
/* If < decimal 32... */
if(ans < 32)
{
printf("hex < 20(32) equivalent to non printable/control ascii characters\n");
switch(ans)
{
case 0:{printf("hex 0 is NULL ascii");}break;
case 1:{printf("hex 1 is SOH-start of heading ascii");}break;
case 2:{printf("hex 2 is STX-start of text ascii");}break;
case 3:{printf("hex 3 is ETX-end of text ascii");}break;
case 4:{printf("hex 4 is EOT-end of transmission ascii");}break;
case 5:{printf("hex 5 is ENQ-enquiry ascii");}break;
case 6:{printf("hex 6 is ACK-acknowledge ascii");}break;
case 7:{printf("hex 7 is BEL-bell ascii");}break;
case 8:{printf("hex 8 is BS-backspace ascii");}break;
case 9:{printf("hex 9 is TAB-horizontal tab ascii");}break;
case 10:{printf("hex A is LF-NL line feed, new line ascii");}break;
case 11:{printf("hex B is VT-vertical tab ascii");}break;
case 12:{printf("hex C is FF-NP form feed, new page ascii");}break;
case 13:{printf("hex D is CR-carriage return ascii");}break;
case 14:{printf("hex E is SO-shift out ascii");}break;
case 15:{printf("hex F is SI-shift in ascii");}break;
case 16:{printf("hex 10 is DLE-data link escape ascii");}break;
case 17:{printf("hex 11 is DC1-device control 1 ascii");}break;
case 18:{printf("hex 12 is DC2-device control 2 ascii");}break;
case 19:{printf("hex 13 is DC3-device control 3 ascii");}break;
case 20:{printf("hex 14 is DC4-device control 4 ascii");}break;
case 21:{printf("hex 15 is NAK-negative acknowledge ascii");}break;
case 22:{printf("hex 16 is SYN-synchronous idle ascii");}break;
case 23:{printf("hex 17 is ETB-end of trans. block ascii");}break;
case 24:{printf("hex 18 is CAN-cancel ascii");}break;
case 25:{printf("hex 19 is EM-end of medium ascii");}break;
case 26:{printf("hex 1A is SUB-substitute ascii");}break;
case 27:{printf("hex 1B is ESC-escape ascii");}break;
case 28:{printf("hex 1C is FS-file separator ascii");}break;
case 29:{printf("hex 1D is GS-group separator ascii");}break;
case 30:{printf("hex 1E is RS-record separator ascii");}break;
case 31:{printf("hex 1F is US-unit separator ascii");}break;
}
}
else
printf ("\nThe number \"%X\" in hex is equivalent to \"%c\" ascii character.\n", ans, ans);
}
void decnumtobin (int *dec)
{
int input = *dec;
int i;
int count = 0;
int binary[128];
do
{
/* Modulus 2 to get 1 or a 0 */
i = input%2;
/* Load Elements into the Binary Array */
binary[count] = i;
/* Divide input by 2 for binary decrement */
input = input/2;
/* Count the binary digits */
count++;
}while (input > 0);
/* Reverse and output binary digits */
printf("The binary representation is: ");
do
{
printf("%d", binary[count - 1]);
count--;
if(count == 4)
printf(" ");
} while (count > 0);
printf("\n");
}
Output:
Example #17
// using C code and header in C++ (C++ wrapper)
#include <cstdio>
int main()
{
int num;
printf("Conversion...\n");
printf("Start with any character and\n");
printf("Press Enter, EOF to stop\n");
num = getchar();
printf("Character Integer Hexadecimal Octal\n");
while(getchar() != EOF)
{
printf(" %c %d %x %o\n", num, num, num, num);
++num;
}
return 0;
}
Output:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Program examples compiled usinggcc.
/* another data type program example */
#include <stdio.h>
/* main function */
int main()
{
int p = 2000; /* positive integer data type */
short int q = -120; /* variation */
unsigned short int r = 121; /* variation */
float s = 21.566578; /* float data type */
char t = 'r'; /* char data type */
long u = 5678; /* long positive integer data type */
unsigned long v = 5678; /* variation */
long w = -5678; /* -ve long integer data type */
int x = -171; /* -ve integer data type */
short y = -71; /* short -ve integer data type */
unsigned short z = 99; /* variation */
double a = 88.12345; /* double float data type */
float b = -3.245823; /* float data type */
printf("\t--Data type again--\n");
printf("\t-------------------\n");
printf("\n1. \"int\" sample: \t\t %d, the data size: %d bytes", p, sizeof(p));
printf("\n2. \"short\" int sample: \t %d, the data size: %d bytes", q, sizeof(q));
printf("\n3. \"unsigned short int\" sample: %d, the data size: %d bytes", r, sizeof(r));
printf("\n4. \"float\" sample: \t\t %.7f, the data size: %d bytes", s, sizeof(s));
printf("\n5. \"char\" sample: \t\t %c, the data size: %d byte", t, sizeof(t));
printf("\n6. \"long\" sample: \t\t %d, the data size: %d bytes", u, sizeof(u));
printf("\n7. \"unsigned long\" sample: \t %d, the data size: %d bytes", v, sizeof(v));
printf("\n8. negative \"long\" sample: \t %d, the data size: %d bytes", w, sizeof(w));
printf("\n9. negative \"int\" sample: \t %d, the data size: %d bytes", x, sizeof(x));
printf("\n10. negative \"short\" sample: \t %d, the data size: %d bytes", y, sizeof(y));
printf("\n11. unsigned \"short\" sample: \t %d, the data size: %d bytes", z, sizeof(z));
printf("\n12. \"double\" sample: \t\t %.4f, the data size: %d bytes", a, sizeof(a));
printf("\n13. negative \"float\" sample: \t %.5f, the data size: %d bytes\n", b, sizeof(b));
return 0;
}
[bodo@bakawali ~]$ gcc datatype.c -o datatype
[bodo@bakawali ~]$ ./datatype
--Data type again--
-------------------
1. "int" sample: 2000, the data size: 4 bytes
2. "short" int sample: -120, the data size: 2 bytes
3. "unsigned short int" sample: 121, the data size: 2 bytes
4. "float" sample: 21.5665779, the data size: 4 bytes
5. "char" sample: r, the data size: 1 byte
6. "long" sample: 5678, the data size: 4 bytes
7. "unsigned long" sample: 5678, the data size: 4 bytes
8. negative "long" sample: -5678, the data size: 4 bytes
9. negative "int" sample: -171, the data size: 4 bytes
10. negative "short" sample: -71, the data size: 2 bytes
11. unsigned "short" sample: 99, the data size: 2 bytes
12. "double" sample: 88.1235, the data size: 8 bytes
13. negative "float" sample: -3.24582, the data size: 4 bytes
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* convert decimal to binary function */
void dectobin();
int main()
{
char chs = 'Y';
do
{
dectobin();
printf("Again? Y, others to exit: ");
chs = getchar();
scanf("%c", &chs);
}while ((chs == 'Y') || (chs == 'y'));
return 0;
}
void dectobin()
{
int input;
printf("Enter decimal number: ");
scanf("%d", &input);
if (input < 0)
printf("Enter unsigned decimal!\n");
/* for the mod result */
int i;
/* count the binary digits */
int count = 0;
/* buffer for storage */
int binbuff[64];
do
{
/* Modulus 2 to get the remainder of 1 or 0 */
i = input%2;
/* store the element into the array */
binbuff[count] = i;
/* Divide the input by 2 for binary decrement */
input = input/2;
/* Count the number of binary digit */
count++;
/* repeat */
}while (input > 0);
/* prints the binary digits */
printf("The binary representation is: ");
do
{
printf("%d", binbuff[count - 1]);
count--;
if(count == 8)
printf(" ");
} while (count > 0);
printf ("\n");
}
[bodo@bakawali ~]$ gcc binary.c -o binary
[bodo@bakawali ~]$ ./binary
Enter decimal number: 64
The binary representation is: 1000000
Again? Y, others to exit: Y
Enter decimal number: 128
The binary representation is: 10000000
Again? Y, others to exit: Y
Enter decimal number: 32
The binary representation is: 100000
Again? Y, others to exit: Y
Enter decimal number: 100
The binary representation is: 1100100
Again? Y, others to exit: N
[bodo@bakawali ~]$ cat binary.c
Further C and C++ reading and digging:
- The ASCII,EBCDIC and UNICODE character sets reference Table can be found here:Character sets Table.