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MODULE 34

THE C++ STL ALGORITHM PART 2

 

 

 

 

 

My Training Period:        hours

 

Continue from the previous Module, more algorithm member functions program examples. Compiled using MicrosoftVisual C++/.Net, win32 empty console mode application. g++ compilation on Fedora Core 3 examples given at the end of this Module. Source code in text is available inC++ Algorithm source code sample.

 

The C++ STL algorithm skills that supposed to be acquired:

 

 

What do we have in this session?

  1. The <algorithm> Header File

  2. The <algorithm> Member Functions – member functions

  3. Algorithm, adjacent_find() program example

  4. Algorithm, binary_search() program example

  5. Algorithm, copy() program example

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

34.1  The <algorithm> Header File

  • Defines Standard Template Library (STL) container template functions that perform algorithms.  The following header must be included in your program.

#include <algorithm>

  • The STL algorithms are generic because they can operate on a variety of data structures. The data structures that they can operate on included not only the STL container classes such as vector and list, but also program-defined data structures and arrays of elements that satisfy the requirements of a particular algorithm.

  • STL algorithms achieve this level of generality by accessing and traversing the elements of a container indirectly through iterators.

  • STL algorithms process iterator ranges that are typically specified by their beginning or ending positions.

  • The ranges referred to must be valid in the sense that all pointers in the ranges must be de-referenceable and within the sequences of each range, the last position must be reachable from the first by incrementation.

  • The STL algorithms extend the actions supported by the operations and member functions of each STL container and allow working, for example, with different types of container objects at the same time. Two suffixes have been used to convey information about the purpose of the algorithms.

  1. The _if suffix indicates that the algorithm is used with function objects operating on the values of the elements rather than on the values of the elements themselves. The find_if() algorithm looks for elements whose values satisfy the criterion specified by a function object, and thefind() algorithm searches for a particular value.

  2. The copy suffix indicates that the algorithm not only manipulates the values of the elements but also copies the modified values into a destination range. For example, the reverse() algorithm reverses the order of the elements within a range, and the reverse_copy() algorithm also copies the result into a destination range.

  • STL algorithms are often classified into groups that indicate something about their purpose or requirements.

  • These include modifying algorithms that change the value of elements as compared with non-modifying algorithms that do not. Mutating algorithms change the order of elements, but not the values of their elements.

  • Removing algorithms can eliminate elements from a range or a copy of a range.

  • Sorting algorithms reorder the elements in a range in various ways and sorted range algorithms only act on algorithms whose elements have been sorted in a particular way.

  • The STL numeric algorithms that are provided for numerical processing have their own header file<numeric>, and function objects and adaptors are defined in the header <functional>.

  • Function objects that return Boolean values are known as predicates. The default binary predicate is the comparison operator<.

  • In general, the elements being ordered need to be less than comparable so that, given any two elements, it can be determined either that they are equivalent, in the sense that neither is less than the other or that one is less than the other. This results in an ordering among the nonequivalent elements.

 

34.2  The <algorithm>Member Functions

Member functions

 

Member function

Description

adjacent_find()

Searches for two adjacent elements that are either equal or satisfy a specified condition.

binary_search()

Tests whether there is an element in a sorted range that is equal to a specified value or that is equivalent to it in a sense specified by a binary predicate.

copy()

Assigns the values of elements from a source range to a destination range, iterating through the source sequence of elements and assigning them new positions in a forward direction.

copy_backward()

Assigns the values of elements from a source range to a destination range, iterating through the source sequence of elements and assigning them new positions in a backward direction.

count()

Returns the number of elements in a range whose values match a specified value.

count_if()

Returns the number of elements in a range whose values match a specified condition.

equal()

Compares two ranges element by element either for equality or equivalence in a sense specified by a binary predicate.

equal_range()

Finds a pair of positions in an ordered range, the first less than or equivalent to the position of a specified element and the second greater than the element's position, where the sense of equivalence or ordering used to establish the positions in the sequence may be specified by a binary predicate.

fill()

Assigns the same new value to every element in a specified range.

fill_n()

Assigns a new value to a specified number of elements in a range beginning with a particular element.

find()

Locates the position of the first occurrence of an element in a range that has a specified value.

find_end()

Looks in a range for the last subsequence that is identical to a specified sequence or that is equivalent in a sense specified by a binary predicate.

find_first_of()

Searches for the first occurrence of any of several values within a target range or for the first occurrence of any of several elements that are equivalent in a sense specified by a binary predicate to a specified set of the elements.

find_if()

Locates the position of the first occurrence of an element in a range that satisfies a specified condition.

for_each()

Applies a specified function object to each element in a forward order within a range and returns the function object.

generate()

Assigns the values generated by a function object to each element in a range.

generate_n()

Assigns the values generated by a function object to a specified number of element is a range and returns to the position one past the last assigned value.

includes()

Tests whether one sorted range contains all the elements contained in a second sorted range, where the ordering or equivalence criterion between elements may be specified by a binary predicate.

inplace_merge()

Combines the elements from two consecutive sorted ranges into a single sorted range, where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

iter_swap()

Exchanges two values referred to by a pair of specified iterators.

lexicographical_compare()

Compares element by element between two sequences to determine which is lesser of the two.

lower_bound()

Finds the position where the first element in an ordered range is or would be if it had a value that is less than or equivalent to a specified value, where the sense of equivalence may be specified by a binary predicate.

make_heap()

Converts elements from a specified range into a heap in which the first element is the largest and for which a sorting criterion may be specified with a binary predicate.

max()

Compares two objects and returns the larger of the two, where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

max_element()

Finds the first occurrence of largest element in a specified range where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

merge()

Combines all the elements from two sorted source ranges into a single, sorted destination range, where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

min()

Compares two objects and returns the lesser of the two, where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

min_element()

Finds the first occurrence of smallest element in a specified range where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

mismatch()

Compares two ranges element by element either for equality or equivalent in a sense specified by a binary predicate and locates the first position where a difference occurs.

next_permutation()

Reorders the elements in a range so that the original ordering is replaced by the lexicographically next greater permutation if it exists, where the sense of next may be specified with a binary predicate.

nth_element()

Partitions a range of elements, correctly locating the nth element of the sequence in the range so that all the elements in front of it are less than or equal to it and all the elements that follow it in the sequence are greater than or equal to it.

partial_sort()

Arranges a specified number of the smaller elements in a range into a non-descending order or according to an ordering criterion specified by a binary predicate.

partial_sort_copy()

Copies elements from a source range into a destination range where the source elements are ordered by either less than or another specified binary predicate.

partition()

Classifies elements in a range into two disjoint sets, with those elements satisfying a unary predicate preceding those that fail to satisfy it.

pop_heap()

Removes the largest element from the front of a heap to the next-to-last position in the range and then forms a new heap from the remaining elements.

prev_permutation()

Reorders the elements in a range so that the original ordering is replaced by the lexicographically next greater permutation if it exists, where the sense of next may be specified with a binary predicate.

push_heap()

Adds an element that is at the end of a range to an existing heap consisting of the prior elements in the range.

random_shuffle()

Rearranges a sequence of N elements in a range into one of N! possible arrangements selected at random.

remove()

Eliminates a specified value from a given range without disturbing the order of the remaining elements and returning the end of a new range free of the specified value.

remove_copy()

Copies elements from a source range to a destination range, except that elements of a specified value are not copied, without disturbing the order of the remaining elements and returning the end of a new destination range.

remove_copy_if()

Copies elements from a source range to a destination range, except that satisfying a predicate are not copied, without disturbing the order of the remaining elements and returning the end of a new destination range.

remove_if()

Eliminates elements that satisfy a predicate from a given range without disturbing the order of the remaining elements and returning the end of a new range free of the specified value.

replace()

Examines each element in a range and replaces it if it matches a specified value.

replace_copy()

Examines each element in a source range and replaces it if it matches a specified value while copying the result into a new destination range.

replace_copy_if()

Examines each element in a source range and replaces it if it satisfies a specified predicate while copying the result into a new destination range.

replace_if()

Examines each element in a range and replaces it if it satisfies a specified predicate.

reverse()

Reverses the order of the elements within a range.

reverse_copy()

Reverses the order of the elements within a source range while copying them into a destination range

rotate()

Exchanges the elements in two adjacent ranges.

rotate_copy()

Exchanges the elements in two adjacent ranges within a source range and copy the result to a destination range.

search()

Searches for the first occurrence of a sequence within a target range whose elements are equal to those in a given sequence of elements or whose elements are equivalent in a sense specified by a binary predicate to the elements in the given sequence.

search_n()

Searches for the first subsequence in a range that of a specified number of elements having a particular value or a relation to that value as specified by a binary predicate.

set_difference()

Unites all of the elements that belong to one sorted source range, but not to a second sorted source range, into a single, sorted destination range, where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

set_intersection()

Unites all of the elements that belong to both sorted source ranges into a single, sorted destination range, where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

set_symmetric_difference()

Unites all of the elements that belong to one, but not both, of the sorted source ranges into a single, sorted destination range, where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

set_union()

Unites all of the elements that belong to at least one of two sorted source ranges into a single, sorted destination range, where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

sort()

Arranges the elements in a specified range into a non-descending order or according to an ordering criterion specified by a binary predicate.

sort_heap()

Converts a heap into a sorted range.

stable_partition()

Classifies elements in a range into two disjoint sets, with those elements satisfying a unary predicate preceding those that fail to satisfy it, preserving the relative order of equivalent elements.

stable_sort()

Arranges the elements in a specified range into a non-descending order or according to an ordering criterion specified by a binary predicate and preserves the relative ordering of equivalent elements.

swap()

Exchanges the values of the elements between two types of objects, assigning the contents of the first object to the second object and the contents of the second to the first.

swap_ranges()

Exchanges the elements of one range with the elements of another, equal sized range.

transform()

Applies a specified function object to each element in a source range or to a pair of elements from two source ranges and copies the return values of the function object into a destination range.

unique()

Removes duplicate elements that are adjacent to each other in a specified range.

unique_copy()

Copies elements from a source range into a destination range except for the duplicate elements that are adjacent to each other.

upper_bound()

Finds the position of the first element in an ordered range that has a value that is greater than a specified value, where the ordering criterion may be specified by a binary predicate.

 

Table 34.1

adjacent_find()

  1. template<class ForwardIterator> ForwardIterator adjacent_find(ForwardIterator _First, ForwardIterator _Last);

  2. template<class ForwardIterator , class BinaryPredicate>ForwardIterator adjacent_find( ForwardIterator _First, ForwardIterator _Last, BinaryPredicate _Comp );

Parameters

 

Parameter

Description

_First

A forward iterator addressing the position of the first element in the range to be searched.

_Last

A forward iterator addressing the position one past the final element in the range to be searched.

_Comp

The binary predicate giving the condition to be satisfied by the values of the adjacent elements in the range being searched.

 

Table 34.2

// algorithm, adjacent_find()

#include <list>

#include <algorithm>

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

 

// returns whether second element is twice the first

bool twice(int elem1, int elem2)

{    return (elem1 * 2 == elem2);    }

 

int main()

{

    list<int> lst;

    list<int>::iterator Iter;

    list<int>::iterator result1, result2;

    // construct a list container

    lst.push_back(14);

    lst.push_back(17);

    lst.push_back(31);

    lst.push_back(31);

    lst.push_back(10);

    lst.push_back(20);

    cout << "List lst data: ";

    for(Iter = lst.begin(); Iter != lst.end(); Iter++)

        cout<<*Iter<< " ";

    cout<<endl<<endl;

    result1 = adjacent_find(lst.begin(), lst.end());

    if(result1 == lst.end())

        cout<<"There are not two adjacent elements that are equal."<<endl;

    else

        cout<<"There are two adjacent elements that are equal.\nThey have a value of "<<*(result1)<<endl;

    result2 = adjacent_find(lst.begin(), lst.end(), twice);

    if(result2 == lst.end())

        cout<<"\nThere are no two adjacent elements where the second is twice the first."<<endl;

    else

    {

       cout<<"\nThere are two adjacent elements\nwhere the second is twice the first.\nThey have values of "<<*(result2++);

        cout<<" & "<<*result2<<endl;

   }

    return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

C++ STL Algorithm adjacent_find()

 

binary_search()

  1. template<class ForwardIterator, class Type> bool binary_search( ForwardIterator _First, ForwardIterator _Last, const Type& _Val );

  2. template<class ForwardIterator, class Type, class BinaryPredicate>bool binary_search( ForwardIterator _First, ForwardIterator _Last, const Type& _Val, BinaryPredicate _Comp );

 

Parameters

 

Parameter

Description

_First

A forward iterator addressing the position of the first element in the range to be searched.

_Last

A forward iterator addressing the position one past the final element in the range to be searched.

_Val

The value required to be matched by the value of the element or that must satisfy the condition with the element value specified by the binary predicate.

_Comp

User-defined predicate function object that defines sense in which one element is less than another. A binary predicate takes two arguments and returns true when satisfied and false when not satisfied.

 

Table 34.3

// algorithm, binary_search()

#include <list>

#include <vector>

#include <algorithm>

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

 

// return whether modulus of elem1 is less than modulus of elem2

bool mod_lesser(int elem1, int elem2)

{

   if(elem1 < 0)

      elem1 = - elem1;

   if(elem2 < 0)

      elem2 = - elem2;

   return (elem1 < elem2);

}

 

int main()

{

    list<int> lst;

    list<int>::iterator Iter;

    bool b1, b2;

    lst.push_back(13);

    lst.push_back(23);

    lst.push_back(10);

    lst.push_back(33);

    lst.push_back(35);

    lst.push_back(9);

    lst.sort();

    cout<<"List lst data: ";

    for(Iter = lst.begin(); Iter != lst.end(); Iter++)

        cout<<*Iter<<" ";

    cout<<endl;

    b1 = binary_search(lst.begin(), lst.end(), 10);

    if(b1)

        cout<<"\nThere is an element in list lst with\na value equal to 10."<<endl;

    else

        cout<<"\nThere is no element in list lst with\na value equal to 10."<<endl;

    b2 = binary_search(lst.begin(), lst.end(), 13, greater<int>());

    if(b2)

        cout<<"\nThere is an element in list lst with a\nvalue equivalent to 13 under greater than."<<endl;

    else

        cout<<"\nNo element in list lst with a\nvalue equivalent to 13 under greater than."<<endl;

    // a binary_search under the user-defined binary predicate mod_lesser

    vector <int> vec;

    vector <int>::iterator Iter1;

    int i;

    for(i = -3; i <= 5; i++)

        vec.push_back(i);

    sort(vec.begin(), vec.end(), mod_lesser);

    cout<<"\nOrdered under mod_lesser, vector vec data:\n";

    for(Iter1 = vec.begin(); Iter1 != vec.end(); Iter1++)

        cout<<*Iter1<<" ";

    cout<<endl;

    bool b3 = binary_search(vec.begin(), vec.end(), -2, mod_lesser);

    if(b3)

        cout<<"\nThere is an element with a value\nequivalent to -2 under mod_lesser()."<<endl;

    else

        cout<<"\nThere is no element with a value\nequivalent to -2 under mod_lesser()."<<endl;

    return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

C++ STL Algorithm binary_search()

 

copy()

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator> OutputIterator copy( InputIterator _First, InputIterator _Last, OutputIterator _DestBeg );

Parameters

 

Parameter

Description

_First

An input iterator addressing the position of the first element in the source range.

_Last

An input iterator addressing the position that is one past the final element in the source range.

_DestBeg

An output iterator addressing the position of the first element in the destination range.

 

Table 34.4

// algorithm, copy()

#include <vector>

#include <algorithm>

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

 

int main()

{

    vector <int> vec1, vec2;

    vector <int>::iterator Iter1, Iter2;

    int i;

    for(i = 0; i <= 5; i++)

        vec1.push_back(i);

    int j;

    for(j = 10; j <= 20; j++)

        vec2.push_back(j);

    cout<<"vec1 data: ";

    for(Iter1 = vec1.begin(); Iter1 != vec1.end(); Iter1++)

        cout<<*Iter1<<" ";

    cout<<endl;

    cout<<"vec2 data: ";

    for(Iter2 = vec2.begin(); Iter2 != vec2.end(); Iter2++)

        cout<<*Iter2<<" ";

    cout<<endl;

    // to copy the first 4 elements of vec1 into the middle of vec2

    copy(vec1.begin(), vec1.begin() + 4, vec2.begin() + 5);

    cout<<"vec2 with vec1 insert data: ";

    for(Iter2 = vec2.begin(); Iter2 != vec2.end(); Iter2++)

        cout<<*Iter2<<" ";

    cout<<endl;

    // to shift the elements inserted into vec2 two positions to the left

    copy(vec2.begin()+4, vec2.begin() + 7, vec2.begin() + 2);

    cout<<"vec2 with shifted insert data: ";

    for(Iter2 = vec2.begin(); Iter2 != vec2.end(); Iter2++)

        cout<<*Iter2<<" ";

    cout<<endl;

    return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

C++ STL Algorithm copy()

 

tenouk C++ STL tutorial

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Further C++ STL algorithm related reading:

 

  1. C++ Templates programming tutorials.

  2. Acomplete C Standard Library.

  3. Acomplete C++ Standard Library documentation that includes STL.

  4. Source code in text is available inC++ Algorithm source code sample.

  5. Check thebest selling C / C++ and STL books at Amazon.com.

 

 

 

 

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