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MODULE Xb

USING C LIBRARY - THE C CHARACTER AND STRING 3

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

MODULE 25 & 26

THE C++ STL - CHARACTERS AND STRINGS

(Template based)

 

 

 

 

My Training Period:     xyz hours

 

For the secure version, please refer to your compiler documentation. However some of the secure version functions already used inC Lab worksheet tutorials. The compiler used is Visual C++ 2005 Express Edition.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

X.8  Memory Functions

  • These functions are for:

  1. Manipulating blocks of memory.

  2. Comparing blocks of memory.

  3. Searching blocks of memory.

  • The functions treat blocks of memory as character arrays and can manipulate any block of data.

  • Table X.7 summarizes the memory functions of the string handling library; the term object refers to a block of data.

Function prototype

Function description

void *memcpy(void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n)

Copies n characters from the object pointed to by s2 into the object pointed to by s1.  A pointer to the resulting object is returned.

void *memmove(void *s1, const void *s2, size_t  n)

Copies n characters from the object pointed to by s2 into the object pointed to by s1.  The copy is performed as if the characters are first copied from the object pointed to by s2into temporary array, then from the temporary array into the object pointed to bys1.  A pointer to the resulting object is returned.

int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t  n)

Compares the first n characters of the objects pointed to by s1and s2.  The function return 0, less than 0, or greater than 0 ifs1 is equal to, less than, or greater than s2.

void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t  n)

Locates the first occurrence ofc (converted to unsigned char) in the firstn characters of the object pointed to by s.  If c is found, a pointer to c in the object is returned.  Otherwise NULL is returned.

void *memset(void *s, int c, size_t  n)

Copies c (converted to unsigned char) into the firstn characters of the object pointed to by s.  A pointer to the result is returned.

Table X.7:  The memory functions of the string handling library

  • Let explore the program examples.

// using memcpy()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

 

int main()

{

     char s1[20], s2[] = "Copying this string into s1";

 

    memcpy(s1, s2, 17);

 

     printf("      Using memcpy()\n");

     printf("      --------------\n");

     printf("s1[20] = ?\n", s1);

     printf("s2[ ] = %s\n", s2);

     printf("\nAfter s2 is copied into s1 with memcpy(),\n");

     printf("using memcpy(s1, s2, 17)\n");

     printf("\ns1 contains \"%s\"\n", s1);

     return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

C using memcpy()

 

 

// memcpy_s(), copy memory in a more secure way.

#include <memory.h>

#include <stdio.h>

 

int main()

{

    int a1[10], a2[100], i;

    errno_t err;

   

    // populate a2 with squares of integers

    for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)

        { a2[i] = i*i; }

   

    printf("a2 = ");

    for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

        printf("%d ", a2[i]);

    printf("\n");

   

    // tell memcpy_s to copy 10 ints (40 bytes), giving

    // the size of the a1 array (also 40 bytes).

    printf("copy the first 10 of a2 to a1...\n");

    err = memcpy_s(a1, sizeof(a1), a2, 10 * sizeof (int));

   

    if (err)

    { printf("Error executing memcpy_s.\n"); }

    else

    {

        printf("a1 = ");

        for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

            printf("%d ", a1[i]);

    }

    printf("\n");

    return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

using memcpy_s() a secure version

 

// using memmove(). The secure version is in the comments.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

 

int main()

{

   char x[ ] = "My home is home sweet home";

 

   printf("      Using memmove()\n");

   printf("      --------------\n");

   printf("The string in array x before memmove() is: \n%s", x);

   printf("\nThe string in array x after memmove() using \n");

   // memmove_s(void *dest, size_t sizeInBytes, const void *src, size_t count); - a secure version

   printf("memmove(x, &x[7], 12) is:\n %s\n", memmove(x, &x[7], 12));

   return  0;

}

 

Output:

 

C using memmove()

 

 

// demonstrates the overlapping copy using memmove()

// always handles it correctly; memcpy may handle

// it correctly.

#include <memory.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdio.h>

 

char str1[7] = "aa77**";

 

int main( void )

{

    printf("The string: %s\n", str1);

    memcpy(str1 + 2, str1, 4);

    printf("New string: %s\n", str1);

    // reset string

    strcpy_s(str1, sizeof(str1), "**55aa");

   

    printf("The string: %s\n", str1);

    memmove(str1 + 2, str1, 4);

    printf("New string: %s\n", str1);

    return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

another memmove () program example

 

// using memcmp()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

 

int main()

{

   char s1[ ] = "ABCDEFGHIJK", s2[] = "ABCDXYZPQR";

 

   printf("Using memcmp()\n");

   printf("--------------\n");

   printf("s1 = %s\n", s1);

   printf("s2 = %s\n", s2);

   printf("\nmemcmp(s1, s2, 4) = %2d\n", memcmp(s1, s2, 4));

   printf("memcmp(s1, s2, 7) = %2d\n", memcmp(s1, s2, 7));

   printf("memcmp(s2, s1, 7) = %2d\n", memcmp(s2, s1, 7));

   system("pause");

   return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

C using memcmp()

 

// This program uses memcmp to compare

// the strings named first and second. If the first

// 19 bytes of the strings are equal, the program

// considers the strings to be equal.

#include <string.h>

#include <stdio.h>

 

int main(void)

{

    char first[ ] = "12345678901234567890";

    char second[ ] = "12345678901234567891";

    int arr1[ ] = {1,2,3,4};

    int arr2[ ] = {1,2,3,4};

    int result;

   

    printf("Compare '%.19s' to '%.19s':\n", first, second);

    result = memcmp(first, second, 19);

    if(result < 0)

        printf("First is less than second.\n");

    else if(result == 0)

        printf("First is equal to second.\n");

    else

        printf("First is greater than second.\n");

   

    printf("Compare '%d , %d' to '%d , %d':\n", arr1[0], arr1[1], arr2[0], arr2[1]);

    result = memcmp(arr1, arr2, sizeof(int) * 2);

    if(result < 0)

        printf("arr1 is less than arr2.\n");

    else if(result == 0 )

        printf("arr1 is equal to arr2.\n");

    else

        printf("arr1 is greater than arr2.\n");

    return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

another memcmp() example

 

// using memchr()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

 

int main()

{

   char *s = "This is a test string";

   char p = 'e';

  

   printf("Using memchr()\n");

  printf("--------------\n");

   printf("char p = \'e\'\n");

   printf("s = %s\n", s);

   printf("\nThe remainder of string s, after character \'%c\'", p);

   printf("\nis found, using memchr(s, p, 15)");

   printf("\nis \"%s\"\n", memchr(s, p, 15));

   return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

 

 

 

 

C using memchr()

 

 

// using memset()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

 

int main()

{

   char string[40] = "AAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCC";

   printf("Using memset()\n");

   printf("--------------\n");

   printf("string = %s\n", string);

   printf("string after memset(string, 'b', 15) =\n%s\n", memset(string, 'b', 15));

   return  0;

}

 

Output:

 

C using memset()

 

X.9    Other Functions Of The String Handling Library

Function prototype

Function description

char *strerror(int errornum)

Maps errornum into a full text string in a system dependent manner.  A pointer to the string is returned.

size_t strlen(const char *s)

Determines the length of string s.  The number of characters preceding the terminating NULL character is returned.

 

Table X.8:  The string manipulation functions of the string handling library

// using strerror()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

 

int main()

{

     printf("strerror() - string errors\n");

     printf("--------------------------\n");

     printf("strerror(1)->%s\n", strerror(1));

     printf("strerror(2)->%s\n", strerror(2));

     printf("strerror(3)->%s\n", strerror(3));

     printf("strerror(4)->%s\n", strerror(4));

     printf("strerror(5)->%s\n", strerror(5));

     printf("strerror(6)->%s\n", strerror(6));

     printf("strerror(7)->%s\n", strerror(7));

     printf("strerror(8)->%s\n", strerror(8));

     printf("strerror(9)->%s\n", strerror(9));

     printf("strerror(9)->%s\n", strerror(9));

     printf("strerror(10)->%s\n", strerror(10));

     return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

C strings and characters

 

// strlen() - determine the length of a string.

// for the multi-byte character example to work correctly,

// the Japanese language support for non-Unicode programs

// must be enabled by the operating system.

#include <string.h>

#include <locale.h>

#include <stdio.h>

// for exit()

#include <stdlib.h>

// Microsoft specific

#include <mbstring.h>

 

int main()

{

    char* str1 = "Count this string length!";

    wchar_t* wstr1 = L"Count another string length!!";

    char * mbstr1;

    char * locale_string;

   

    // strlen gives the length of single-byte character string

    printf("Length of '%s' : %d\n", str1, strlen(str1));

    // wstrlen() gives the length of a wide character string

    wprintf(L"Length of '%s' : %d\n", wstr1, wcslen(wstr1));

    // A multibyte string: [A] [B] [C] [katakana A] [D] [\0]

    // in Code Page 932. For this example to work correctly,

    // the Japanese language support must be enabled by the operating system.

    mbstr1 = "ABC" "\x83\x40" "D";

    locale_string = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "Japanese_Japan");

    if (locale_string == NULL)

    {

        printf("Japanese locale not enabled. Exiting.\n");

        exit(1);

    }

    else

    { printf("Locale set to %s\n", locale_string); }

   

    // _mbslen() will recognize the Japanese multibyte character if the

    // current locale used by the operating system is Japanese

    printf("Length of '%s' : %d\n", mbstr1, _mbslen(mbstr1));

   

    // _mbstrlen() will recognize the Japanese multibyte character

    // since the CRT locale is set to Japanese even if the OS locale is not.

    printf("Length of '%s' : %d\n", mbstr1, _mbstrlen(mbstr1));

    printf("Bytes in '%s' : %d\n", mbstr1, strlen(mbstr1));

    return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

using strlen() function example

 

 

// strnlen() - the strlen() secure version

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

 

int main()

{

    // str1 is 82 characters long. str2 is 159 characters long

    char* str1 = "The length of a string is the number of characters\n"

                    "excluding the terminating null.";

    char* str2 = "strnlen takes a maximum size. If the string is longer\n"

                    "than the maximum size specified, the maximum size is\n"

                    "returned rather than the actual size of the string.";

    size_t len;

    size_t maxsize = 100;

    len = strnlen(str1, maxsize);

    printf("%s\n Total string length: %d \n\n", str1, len);

    len = strnlen(str2, maxsize);

    printf("%s\n Total string length: %d \n", str2, len);

    return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

using strnlen() a secure strlen version example

 

// an error message created using perror, strerror, and _strerror.

// program tries to open non exist file...

#include <io.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <share.h>

 

int main(void)

{

    // a file handle

    int fh;

   

    // the ISO C++ conformant _sopen() and the secure version, _sopen_s()

    if(_sopen_s(&fh, "nonexist.fil", _O_RDONLY, _SH_DENYNO, 0) != 0)

    {

       // three ways to create error message

        perror("perror says open failed");

       // non secure strerror() will generate warning....

        printf("strerror says open failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));

        printf(_strerror("_strerror says open failed"));

       // Note: strerror and _strerror are deprecated; consider

        // using strerror_s and _strerror_s instead.

        // e.g. strerror_s(*buffer, sizeInBytes, *strErrMsg);

    }

    else

    {

        printf("open succeeded on input file\n");

        _close(fh);

    }

    return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

another strerror() program example

// the strchr() - using C++ wrapper

// using C functions in C++ environment

#include <cstdio>

#include <cstring>

 

int main()

{

    char *string1 = "A zoo has many animals including birds";

    int c = 'm';

     printf("      Using strchr()\n");

     printf("      ---------------\n");

     printf("string1 = %s\n", string1);

     printf("\nThe remainder of string1 beginning with the\n");

     printf("last occurrence of character \'%c\'", c);

     printf("\nis:  %s\n", strrchr(string1, c));

    return 0;

}

 

Output:

 

Using strchr() using Visual C++ .NET

//***** ctystring.cpp *****

// using sprintf()

#include <cstdio>

using namespace std;

 

int main()

{

  char s[80];

  int  x;

  float  y;

 

  printf("Using sprint()\n");

  printf("--------------\n");

  printf("Enter an integer and a float, separated by space: \n");

  scanf("%d%f", &x, &y);

  sprintf(s, "Integer:%6d\nFloat:%8.2f", x, y);

  printf("\n%s\n%s\n", "The formatted output stored in array s is:  ", s);

  return 0;

}

 

[bodo@bakawali ~]$ g++ ctystring.cpp -o ctystring

[bodo@bakawali ~]$ ./ctystring

 

Using sprint()

--------------

Enter an integer and a float, separated by space:

100 33.354

 

The formatted output stored in array s is:

Integer:   100

Float:   33.35

 

/****ctstring2.c, using memcpy()*/

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

 

int main()

{

  char s1[20], s2[] = "Copying this string into s1";

  memcpy(s1, s2, 17);

  printf("      Using memcpy()\n");

  printf("      --------------\n");

  printf("s1[20] = ?\n", s1);

  printf("s2[] = %s\n", s2);

  printf("\nAfter s2 is copied into s1 with memcpy(),\n");

  printf("using memcpy(s1, s2, 17)\n");

  printf("\ns1 contains \"%s\"\n", s1);

  return 0;

}

               

[bodo@bakawali ~]$ gcc ctstring2.c -o ctstring2

[bodo@bakawali ~]$ ./ctstring2

              

        Using memcpy()

        --------------

s1[20] = ?

s2[ ] = Copying this string into s1

 

After s2 is copied into s1 with memcpy(),

using memcpy(s1, s2, 17)

 

s1 contains "Copying this stri"

       

/*******************cstr.c**************************/

/*Using functions isdigit(), isalpha(), isalnum(), and isxdigit()*/

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <ctype.h>

 

int main()

{

    printf("Using functions isdigit(), isalpha(),\n");

    printf("isalnum(), and isxdigit()\n");

    printf("-------------------------------------\n");

   

    printf("\nAccording to isdigit():\n");

    isdigit('7') ? printf("7 is a digit\n") : printf("7 is not a digit\n");

    isdigit('$') ? printf("$ is a digit\n") : printf("$ is not a digit\n");

   

    printf("\nAccording to isalpha():\n");

    isalpha('B') ? printf("B is a letter\n") : printf("B is not a letter\n");

    isalpha('b') ? printf("b is a letter\n") : printf("b is not a letter\n");

    isalpha('&') ? printf("& is a letter\n") : printf("& is not a letter\n");

    isalpha('4') ? printf("4 is a letter\n") : printf("4 is not a letter\n");

   

    printf("\nAccording to isalnum():\n");

    isalnum('A') ? printf("A is a digit or a letter\n") : printf("A is not a digit or a letter\n");

    isalnum('8') ? printf("8 is a digit or a letter\n") : printf("8 is not a digit or a letter\n");

    isalnum('#') ? printf("# is a digit or a letter\n") : printf("# is not a digit or a letter\n");

   

    printf("\nAccording to isxdigit():\n");

    isxdigit('F') ? printf("F is a hexadecimal\n") : printf("F is not a hexadecimal\n");

    isxdigit('J') ? printf("J is a hexadecimal\n") : printf("J is not a hexadecimal\n");

    isxdigit('7') ? printf("7 is a hexadecimal\n") : printf("7 is not a hexadecimal\n");

    isxdigit('$') ? printf("$ is a hexadecimal\n") : printf("$ is not a hexadecimal\n");

    isxdigit('f') ? printf("f is a hexadecimal\n") : printf("f is not a hexadecimal\n");

   

    return 0;

}

 

[bodo@bakawali ~]$ gcc cstr.c -o cstr

[bodo@bakawali ~]$ ./cstr

       

Using functions isdigit(), isalpha(),

isalnum(), and isxdigit()

-------------------------------------

 

According to isdigit():

7 is a digit

$ is not a digit

 

According to isalpha():

B is a letter

b is a letter

& is not a letter

4 is not a letter

 

According to isalnum():

A is a digit or a letter

8 is a digit or a letter

# is not a digit or a letter

 

According to isxdigit():

F is a hexadecimal

J is not a hexadecimal

7 is a hexadecimal

$ is not a hexadecimal

f is a hexadecimal

 

 

----------------------------------------------www.tenouk.com-------------------------------------------------

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Further C string library related reading:

 

  1. Microsoft C references, online MSDN.

  2. Microsoft Visual C++, online MSDN.

  3. ReactOS - Windows binary compatible OS - C/C++ source code repository, Doxygen.

  4. Check thebest selling C / C++ books at Amazon.com.

  5. Win32 Locale, Unicode & Wide Characters (Story) and Windows Win32 Users & Groups (Microsoft implementation) for Multi-bytes, Unicode characters and Localization.

  6. For C++ using template based characters and string manipulations story and examples can be found C++ Template Based Strings & Characters 1 and C++ Template Based Strings & Characters 2.

  7. The C lab worksheet practice.

 

 

 

 

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